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	<title>Anicca-vijja</title>
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			<item>
		<title>Goenkaji on Vipassana</title>
		<link>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2010/07/goenkaji-on-vipassana/</link>
		<comments>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2010/07/goenkaji-on-vipassana/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Jul 2010 11:26:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Allgemeines]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Buddhist teaching]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[healthy and beneficial]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dhamma]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Goenka]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vipassana]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.anicca-vijja.de/?p=515</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[There is a new interview with S.N. Goenka on Vipassana and its benefits available at the Indian Express titled &#8216;You have to work out your own salvation.&#8217; Although all interviews with Goenkaji are very inspiring, I like this one because it is reduced to its core essence of what&#8217;s important in Vipassana. Not only that [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There is a new interview with S.N. Goenka on Vipassana and its benefits available at the <a href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/you-have-to-work-out-your-own-salvation/640972/0" target="_blank">Indian Express</a> titled &#8216;You have to work out your own salvation.&#8217; Although all interviews with Goenkaji are very inspiring, I like this one because it is reduced to its core essence of what&#8217;s important in Vipassana. Not only that he is very clear about the fact the he does not teach Buddhism, there is also no place for any Guru, and no other rites or rituals are involved. It is just pure science of mind and matter by observation &#8216;within.&#8217;  Thus, one confronts reality as it is. Enjoy it &#8211; and practice!</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Ecosia &#8211; save the rainforest one search at a time</title>
		<link>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2010/03/ecosia/</link>
		<comments>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2010/03/ecosia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Mar 2010 21:06:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Allgemeines]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rain forest]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[search engine]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.anicca-vijja.de/?p=505</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" width="300" height="250" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="src" value="http://ecosia.org/_images/banner/ecosiaEn300x250.swf" /><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="300" height="250" src="http://ecosia.org/_images/banner/ecosiaEn300x250.swf"></embed></object></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Cropping marks with &#8216;memoir class&#8217;, &#8216;geometry,&#8217; and &#8216;crop&#8217; in LaTeX</title>
		<link>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2010/03/cropping-marks-with-memoir-geometry-and-crop-in-latex/</link>
		<comments>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2010/03/cropping-marks-with-memoir-geometry-and-crop-in-latex/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Mar 2010 10:51:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[LaTeX]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.anicca-vijja.de/?p=488</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Cropping marks are important for print versions of documents. In LaTeX, this can be done with various options of document classes. However, sometimes the packages one uses do not fit together &#8211; especially in cases when only some parts of a package are interesting/ needed and other parts of other packages.
The following preamble describes the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Cropping marks are important for print versions of documents. In LaTeX, this can be done with various options of document classes. However, sometimes the packages one uses do not fit together &#8211; especially in cases when only some parts of a package are interesting/ needed and other parts of other packages.</p>
<p>The following preamble describes the conjoint use of &#8216;memoir&#8217; document class and the packages &#8216;geometry&#8217; and &#8216;crop&#8217;:</p>
<pre>\DisemulatePackage{crop} %to allow package 'crop'
                         %instead of emulation by 'memoir'
\setstocksize{297mm}{210mm} %a4 paper as base -&gt; redundant
\settrimmedsize{210mm}{148mm}{*} %use only a5paper area
                         % -&gt; redundant
\usepackage[driver=none]{geometry} %to allow usage of 'crop'
\geometry{paper=a4paper,layout=a5paper,centering,
          textwidth=100mm, textheight=147mm} %text area
\usepackage[cam,a4,center]{crop} %load package 'crop'
</pre>
<p>In the text, just use the following LaTeX command:</p>
<pre>\crop[cam]
</pre>
<p>to get plain cropping marks. Other options are available and can be get from the respective manuals.</p>
<div id="attachment_492" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 221px"><a href="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/cropmarks_Latex.png" rel="lightbox[488]"><img class="size-medium wp-image-492" title="cropmarks_Latex" src="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/cropmarks_Latex-211x300.png" alt="" width="211" height="300" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">crop marks with LaTeX</p></div>
<p style="text-align: center;">
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		<title>Teaching Dhamma in prisons</title>
		<link>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2010/03/teaching-dhamma-in-prisons/</link>
		<comments>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2010/03/teaching-dhamma-in-prisons/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Mar 2010 10:16:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Buddhist teaching]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dhamma]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Documentary movie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Prison]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vipassana]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.anicca-vijja.de/?p=413</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Vipassana Meditation brings the opportunity to change heavy life patterns towards positivity. This is true not only for monks, nouns, and lay people from everyday life, but also &#8211; and especially &#8211; for people who did things they should not have done during their life time. In the context of prisons, Vipassana can play an [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="attachment_503" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/cfi_hc.jpg" rel="lightbox[413]"><img class="size-medium wp-image-503" title="cfi_hc" src="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/cfi_hc-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="225" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Photo courtesy prison.dhamma.org</p></div>
<p>Vipassana Meditation brings the opportunity to change heavy life patterns towards positivity. This is true not only for monks, nouns, and lay people from everyday life, but also &#8211; and especially &#8211; for people who did things they should not have done during their life time. In the context of prisons, Vipassana can play an important role. Not that it is only good for inmates to change their view on previous actions and to help them to perform positive and healthy actions in future. Furthermore, the whole organization can change. Sometimes it makes only a small difference whether one is a guard or an inmate.</p>
<p>To bring Vipassana into prisons is not an easy job. It seems that every time this happened it started from the inside &#8211; from within the prison. This great and healthy work to bring Vipassana into prisons is documented by three documentary movies:</p>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="http://www.karunafilms.com/Dtdv/Dtdv.htm" target="_blank">Doing Time, Doing Vipassana</a> (DTDV) / German title: Zeit absitzen, Vipassana machen</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="http://www.prison.dhamma.org/cfi.htm" target="_blank">Changing from inside</a> (CFI) / German title: Ver&auml;nderung von innen</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="http://www.dhammabrothers.com/" target="_blank">The Dhamma brothers</a> (TDB) / no German title available</span></li>
</ul>
<p>All movies are available from <a href="http://www.pariyatti.org/" target="_blank">Pariyatti</a>, a non-profit resource dedicated:</p>
<blockquote><p>to bring people into contact with the teachings of the Buddha.</p></blockquote>
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		<item>
		<title>DNS rendering</title>
		<link>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/12/dns-rendering/</link>
		<comments>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/12/dns-rendering/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Dec 2009 20:59:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Allgemeines]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CAD]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DNS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rendering]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.anicca-vijja.de/?p=466</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Using the free versions of Google Sketchup and SU Podium, you can render graphics quite easy:

]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Using the free versions of Google Sketchup and SU Podium, you can render graphics quite easy:</p>
<div id="attachment_467" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/deeness.png" rel="lightbox[466]"><img class="size-medium wp-image-467 " title="deeness" src="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/deeness-300x225.png" alt="deeness" width="300" height="225" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">DNS</p></div>
<p style="text-align: center;">
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		<item>
		<title>Multiple imputation (ordinary ANOVA) with R</title>
		<link>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/09/multiple-imputation-ordinary-anova-with-r/</link>
		<comments>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/09/multiple-imputation-ordinary-anova-with-r/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 Sep 2009 18:00:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Allgemeines]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Methodology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[R]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anova]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Multiple Imputation]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.anicca-vijja.de/?p=455</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[At first, if you are not familiar with R, you need to install R from CRAN and (under Win32) Tinn-R. Tinn-R enables to control R via script. If you use Linux, just install R via your distribution of choice and then there is an add-on for Emacs to control R (ESS). The next is to [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>At first, if you are not familiar with R, you need to install R from <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/" target="_blank">CRAN </a>and (under Win32) <a href="http://www.sciviews.org/Tinn-R/" target="_blank">Tinn-R</a>. Tinn-R enables to control R via script. If you use Linux, just install R via your distribution of choice and then there is an add-on for <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/" target="_blank">Emacs</a> to control R (<a href="http://ess.r-project.org/" target="_blank">ESS</a>). The next is to start R via Tinn-R or Emacs. Don&#8217;t forget to choose you &#8216;<a href="http://www.google.de/search?q=hotkeys+tinn-r&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:de:official&amp;client=firefox-a" target="_blank">hotkeys</a>&#8216; in Tinn-R (or any other editor of your choice to control R).</p>
<p>For multiple imputation, I choose the R-package &#8216;<a href="http://web.inter.nl.net/users/S.van.Buuren/mi/hmtl/mice.htm" target="_blank">mice</a>&#8216; from van Buuren et al. You have to install it manually. There are also other packages that deal with it, see:</p>
<pre>library.search("imputation")</pre>
<p>If you are not familiar with the R-style to formulate linear models, start with</p>
<pre>?lm
example(lm)</pre>
<p>or read the usual <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/manuals.html" target="_blank">intros and manuals</a> that are linked via CRAN (or the <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/other-docs.html" target="_blank">contributed documentations</a>) &#8211; otherwise search on the internet with your search machine of choice with the add-on &#8216;cran&#8217; like &#8216;mulitple imputation cran&#8217; or &#8216;missing data cran&#8217;, etc.</p>
<p>The folllowing are excerpts from the man-pages of &#8216;mice&#8217;-package commandos.</p>
<pre>?read.table       # import of data - see tutorials and intros to R
                  # of 'how to import data'
library(help=mice)# what is inside package 'mice'?
library(mice)     # load library for MI
data(nhanes)      # use data from 'mice'-package
str(nhanes)
nhanes            # show data
?mice             # produce Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations
imp &lt;- mice(nhanes)
imp
str(imp)
?lm.mids          # Performs repeated linear regression
                  # on multiply imputed data set
lm.mids           # R-source code of 'lm.mids'
fit &lt;- lm.mids(bmi~hyp+chl,data=imp)
fit
summary(fit)
str(fit)
?pool             #
pool(fit)         # pool results
summary(pool(fit))# better output
pool              # R-source code of 'pool'</pre>
<p>That&#8217;s all. Multiple imputation (ordinary ANOVA) is quite easy to peform in R.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Another thread against fMRI research &#8211; the dead salmon</title>
		<link>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/09/another-thread-against-fmri-research-the-dead-salmon/</link>
		<comments>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/09/another-thread-against-fmri-research-the-dead-salmon/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Sep 2009 15:12:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Allgemeines]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Methodology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Neuro studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dead salmon]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Neuroimaging]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.anicca-vijja.de/?p=438</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Slashdot reported on Sunday Sept 20 the outcome of a new study on the apropriateness of fMRI research which can be read in much more detail on Wired. This study can be seen as a serious warning to &#8216;blindly&#8217; believe results of fMRI research without doing proper quality management. Craig M. Bennett and colleagues realized [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://science.slashdot.org/story/09/09/20/1948208/Dead-Salmons-Brain-Activity-Cautions-fMRI-Researchers?art_pos=22" target="_blank">Slashdot</a> reported on Sunday Sept 20 the outcome of a new study on the apropriateness of fMRI research which can be read in much more detail on <a href="http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/09/fmrisalmon/" target="_blank">Wired</a>. This study can be seen as a serious warning to &#8216;blindly&#8217; believe results of fMRI research without doing proper quality management. Craig M. Bennett and colleagues realized an experiment which is quite close to a gag of &#8216;Monthy Python&#8217;s Flying Circus.&#8217; However, the experiment is serious. They scanned a mature, but dead atlantic salmon. The experimental task is worth to be mentioned in its original language:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;The salmon was shown a series of photographs depicting human individuals in social situations with a specified emotional valence. The salmon was asked to determine what emotion the individual in the photo must have been experiencing.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>Several photos of human beings were shown to the salmon and reactions were measured. Reviewing the results &#8211; surprise, surprise &#8211; they showed clear activity in the dead salmon&#8217;s brain:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;Several active voxels were discovered in a cluster located within the salmon’s brain cavity.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<div id="attachment_450" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 460px"><a href="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/bennett-salmon-figure1.png" rel="lightbox[438]"><img class="size-full wp-image-450 " title="bennett-salmon-figure1" src="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/bennett-salmon-figure1.png" alt="bennett-salmon-figure1" width="450" height="245" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">The dead salmon and its emotional reactions (Photo courtesy Craig Bennett)</p></div>
<p>The dead salmon&#8217;s &#8216;emotional reactions&#8217; look quite impressive at it can be seen in the figure right next to this text. It seems the (dead) salmon reacted to photos of human beings. Unfortunately, the study was turned down by several publications. However, a <a href="http://prefrontal.org/files/posters/Bennett-Salmon-2009.pdf" target="_blank">poster</a> is available. Thinking about the mass of research in the field of fMRI, it seems a little bit confusing what we can believe and what not. What is needed is a good control of random but significant voxels. Additionally, we should not take brain research too serious. But false positives should be taken very seriously. At last, I want to point also to an <a href="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/04/crisis-of-neuroimaging-studies-and-their-conclusions/" target="_self">older posting</a> on this blog about the works of <a href="http://www.edvul.com/" target="_blank">Ed Vul</a> and his colleagues at the MIT. Further infos dedicated to fMRI and the dead salmon are available on Craig Bennett&#8217;s personal <a href="http://prefrontal.org/blog/" target="_blank">blog</a>.</p>
<p><em>References:</em></p>
<p>Bennett CM, Baird AA, Miller MB, and Wolford GL. (submitted)<em> Neural Correlates of Interspecies Perspective Taking in the Post-Mortem Atlantic Salmon: An Argument For Multiple Comparisons Correction.</em></p>
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		<item>
		<title>The longest piece of music</title>
		<link>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/09/the-longest-piece-of-music/</link>
		<comments>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/09/the-longest-piece-of-music/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Sep 2009 14:55:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Allgemeines]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Music]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[organ]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.anicca-vijja.de/?p=435</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Buchardichurch in Halbertstadt offers the longest piece of music. It lasts for incredible 639 years and started 2001.  It is called „Organ2 / ASLSP“ and written by John Cage. The longest note takes 58 years, the shortest probably several months. There is a short report available on spiegel-online.
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The <a href="http://www.john-cage.halberstadt.de/" target="_blank">Buchardichurch in Halbertstadt</a> offers the longest piece of music. It lasts for incredible 639 years and started 2001.  It is called „Organ2 / ASLSP“ and written by John Cage. The longest note takes 58 years, the shortest probably several months. There is a short report available on <a href="http://km42.spiegel.de/home/index.php?directid=4189" target="_blank">spiegel-online</a>.</p>
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		<title>Wien</title>
		<link>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/09/wien/</link>
		<comments>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/09/wien/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2009 21:43:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Allgemeines]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sigmund Freud]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wien]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.anicca-vijja.de/?p=414</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Wien is surely worth to visit. The Leopold museum contains the largest collection of paintings of painter Egon Schiele who tragically died as a consequence of the Spanish influenza (like his wife). The Albertina museum contains artwork from Albrecht D&#252;rer and many more. The architecture of the whole town is quite exciting. You can still [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="attachment_415" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/w_sdom.png" rel="lightbox[414]"><img class="size-medium wp-image-415 " title="w_sdom" src="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/w_sdom-300x168.png" alt="w_sdom" width="300" height="168" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Stephansdom (Wien), 2009</p></div>
<div id="attachment_424" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/w_innens.png" rel="lightbox[414]"><img class="size-medium wp-image-424" title="w_innens" src="http://www.anicca-vijja.de/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/w_innens-300x225.png" alt="w_innens" width="300" height="225" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Wien illuminated</p></div>
<p>Wien is surely worth to visit. The Leopold museum contains the largest collection of paintings of painter Egon Schiele who tragically died as a consequence of the Spanish influenza (like his wife). The Albertina museum contains artwork from Albrecht D&uuml;rer and many more. The architecture of the whole town is quite exciting. You can still feel the attitude of the old &#8216;KuK&#8217;-monarchy by looking at the historic buildings. However, I warn to visit the Sigmund Freud museum. The couch is missing and the idea behind the whole museum is a little bit outdated. There are almost no information about his thoughts on psychoanalysis. Similarly, information about what happened to the approach after Freud died are almost missing completely. Additionally, if you want to learn about the person (and not only the psychoanalyst) S. Freud, just read (in German) the book written by Eva Weissweiler (2008) &#8216;Die Freuds: Biographie einer Familie.&#8217; There are a lot of surprises to learn about the founder of psychoanalysis &#8211; and not everything is funny.</p>
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		<title>Die biblischen Plagen &#8211; historische Hintergr&#252;nde und Erkl&#228;rungen</title>
		<link>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/06/die-biblischen-plagen-historische-hintergruende-und-erklaerungen/</link>
		<comments>http://www.anicca-vijja.de/2009/06/die-biblischen-plagen-historische-hintergruende-und-erklaerungen/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Jun 2009 11:47:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Allgemeines]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[biblical plague]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.anicca-vijja.de/?p=393</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The following is written in German as it points to a German broadcast about the biblical plagues in the Old Testament (Book of Moses) that took place in Egypt.
(Update 06-09-09: Der zweite Teil war nicht ganz so &#252;berzeugend&#8230; isb. bzgl. der Frage der toten Erstgeburten)
Der Sender ZDF sendet derzeit ein interessante dreiteilige Sendung aus der [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The following is written in German as it points to a German broadcast about the biblical plagues in the Old Testament (Book of Moses) that took place in Egypt.</p>
<p>(Update 06-09-09: Der zweite Teil war nicht ganz so &uuml;berzeugend&#8230; isb. bzgl. der Frage der toten Erstgeburten)</p>
<p>Der Sender ZDF sendet derzeit ein interessante dreiteilige Sendung aus der Reihe Terra-X &uuml;ber die m&ouml;glichen historischen Hintergr&uuml;nde der biblischen Plagen im &Auml;gypten. Die daraus entstandene Geschichte ist im Alten Testament &uuml;ber den Auszug des Volkes Israel aus &Auml;gypten bekannt (unter der Schirmherrschaft von Moses als Propheten/ vgl. Buch Moses Kapitel 7). Wie die Sendung Terra-X &uuml;ber die <a href="http://terra-x.zdf.de/ZDFde/inhalt/28/0,1872,7596060,00.html?dr=1" target="_blank">biblischen Plagen</a> berichtet, werden diese mit einer riesigen Umweltkatastrophe im Zuge des Ausbruch eines Vulkanes in Griechenland und anderen &ouml;kologischen Ver&auml;nderungen in einen direkten Zusammenhang gebracht. Damit bek&auml;men</p>
<ul>
<li>gef&auml;rbtes und vergiftetes Wasser im Nil</li>
<li>Froschplage</li>
<li>Stechm&uuml;cken</li>
<li>Ungeziefer (Stechfliegen)</li>
<li>Seuchen</li>
<li>die Bildung von Geschw&uuml;ren bei Mensch und Tier</li>
<li>besonders gro&szlig;e Hagelk&ouml;rner</li>
<li>Heuschrecken</li>
<li>Verdunkelung des Himmels</li>
</ul>
<p>eine historische Begr&uuml;ndung. Infolgedessen wurden vor allem Ernten vernichtet, Tiere und Menschen get&ouml;tet und Hungersn&ouml;te brachen aus. Solche schweren Ereignisse werden i.A. von innenpolitischen  Problemen begleitet und der Aus&uuml;bung wechselseitiger Gewalt und anderer schwerer Straftaten. Als Ausl&ouml;ser der Plagen werden tats&auml;chlich existente Umweltkatastrophen angef&uuml;hrt. In K&uuml;rze besagt die These, dass durch den Ausbruch eines Vulkanes (auf der griechischen Kykladeninsel Santorin) ~1600 B.C. Tsunamis ausgel&ouml;st wurden, die wiederum zu &Uuml;berschwemmungen f&uuml;hrten und all dies einen gro&szlig;en Einfluss auf die Verbreitung und &ouml;rtliche Ausrichtung von Tieren hatte und sich dies auf viele Umweltfaktoren ung&uuml;nstig auswirkte. Hinzu kommt, dass im Falle von Vulkanausbr&uuml;chen extrem viel Staub und Schadstoffe in die Atmosph&auml;re gelangen und sich sp&auml;ter niederlassen und gleichfalls Auswirkungen zeigen. Je nach Klimaver&auml;nderung wirkt zus&auml;tzlich die j&auml;hrliche &Uuml;berschwemmung des Nils unterschiedlich, teilweise kann es sehr lange Trockenzeiten geben, etc. Plausibel ist, dass ein Vulkanausbruch den &#8216;normalen&#8217; Ablauf der Jahreszeiten l&auml;ngerfristig stark verzerrt und durcheinanderbringt, so dass f&uuml;r Mensch und Tier Leid entsteht.</p>
<p>Bezogen auf die &#8216;Tierplagen&#8217; besagt dies, dass sich etwa Heuschrecken von Hoch- nach Tiefdruckgebieten (sprich Regen) bewegen, sich extrem schnell fortpflanzen und infolgedessen unglaublich viel an Ernte in k&uuml;rzester Zeit vernichten k&ouml;nnen. Ein paar Milliarden Heuschrecken vernichten zig-Tonnen an Nahrung (2g pro Tag pro Heuschrecke, was in etwa ihrem Eigengewicht entspricht). F&uuml;r Stechm&uuml;cken, Ungeziefer und Fr&ouml;sche lassen sich vergleichbare plausible Erkl&auml;rungen finden. Die rote &#8216;blutige&#8217; Verf&auml;rbung bzw. Vergiftung von Wasser (der Fluss Nil) kann auf das Vorhandensein der Burgunderblutalge (ein giftiges Bakterium) und Schadstoffen zur&uuml;ckgef&uuml;hrt werden &#8211; und sp&auml;ter auf Tierkadaver (isb. Fische), die tot im Nil herumtreiben. Damit ist der Fluss umgekippt. Die Froschplage l&auml;sst sich erkl&auml;ren, dass Kaulquappen intuitiv das &#8216;Umkippen&#8217; des Flusses sp&uuml;ren, sich schneller entwickeln und alle relativ gleichzeitig das Wasser verlassen. Die Bakterien haben jedoch ihre inneren Organe bereits angefangen zu zerst&ouml;ren, so dass in kurzer Zeit viele Fr&ouml;sche sterben und tot an Land liegen bleiben. Damit fehlen z.B. Stechm&uuml;cken ihre nat&uuml;rlichen Feinde, da auch die Fische sterben. Folglich vermehren diese sich &auml;usserst rasch und zahlreich.</p>
<p>Im Zuge von Tsunamis etwa ist bekannt, dass die vorhandenen (Trink-)Wasservorr&auml;te stark verunreinigt werden (u.a. durch Kadaver, etc.). Eine Folge davon ist das Aufkommen von Seuchen aufgrund vergifteten Wassers. Gleichzeitig entsteht ein Milieu, bei dem sich ebenfalls Stechm&uuml;cken sehr wohl f&uuml;hlen (da fehlende Feinde) und diese sich stark und schnell vermehren k&ouml;nnen. Hagelk&ouml;rner ben&ouml;tigen f&uuml;r ihr Zustandekommen Staub in der Atmosph&auml;re, da reine einzelne Wassertropfen ohne Staub selbst bei vielen Minusgraden noch nicht gefrieren. Mit etwas Staub geht dies ganz schnell. So k&ouml;nnen Hagelk&ouml;rner auch besonders gro&szlig; werden (viel Staub in der Atmosph&auml;re im Zuge des Vulkanausbruches) und beim Hinunterfallen auf die Erde deutlichen Schaden anrichten (was viele Autobesitzer leider kennen). In Extremf&auml;llen k&ouml;nnen Hagelk&ouml;rner Menschen und Tiere t&ouml;ten oder lebensgef&auml;hrlich verletzen. Insofern erscheinen die bisherigen Schlussfolgerungen, die durch Feldforschung in &Auml;gypten und Santorin, anhand von alten Schriften sowie Experimente und Untersuchungen in wissenschaftlichen Labors unterst&uuml;tzt werden (z.B. Datierung von Bims-Gestein mit der Radiokarbonmethode, Experimente zum Zustandekommen von Hagelk&ouml;rnern im eisgek&uuml;hlten Windkanal, Studien zur Verbreitung von Heuschrecken und ihrem Paarungsverhalten, Studien zur Burgunderblutalge und ihrem Einfluss auf Wasserqualit&auml;t und Tiere, etc.) durchaus plausibel und gut begr&uuml;ndet zu sein. Im Falle der biblischen Plagen ist das Buch Mose sozusagen eine recht genaue Beschreibung historisch Fakten. Die Figur Mose findet jedoch keine klare Entsprechung, wobei hierzu unterschiedliche Thesen existieren (etwa bei Laurence Gardner).</p>
<p>Die <a href="http://www.zdf.de/ZDFmediathek/content/9602" target="_blank">ZDF Mediathek</a> erm&ouml;glicht ein nachtr&auml;gliches Anschauen dieser Sendungen am Computer (wer die Sendung nicht sehen konnte). Spannend wird im dritten Teil sein, wie die letzte Plage</p>
<ul>
<li>die T&ouml;tung der Erstgeborenen</li>
</ul>
<p>erkl&auml;rt wird. Vermutlich wird dies &uuml;ber spezielle Funktionen, Handlungen und Aufenthaltsorte der Erstgeborenen erkl&auml;rt, so dass eine &auml;hnliche Katastrophe diese, aber nicht Sp&auml;tergeborene traf. Letztere nahmen vermutlich andere Funktionen, etc. wahr.</p>
<p>Ein biologische Abhandlung zur Biologie der biblischen Plagen wurde 2008 von dem Forscherehepaar <a href="http://www.anna-levinson.de/" target="_blank">Anna und Hermann Levinson </a>geleistet:</p>
<p>Levinson, Hermann und Levinson, Anna (2OO8). <a href="http://www.dgaae.de/html/publi/nachrich/nach22_2.pdf" target="_blank">Zur Biologie der zehn biblischen Plagen.</a> <em>DGaaE Nachrichten</em>, <strong>22 (2)</strong>, 83-102.</p>
<p>Der Artikel ist auf der Homepage der <a href="http://www.dgaae.de/" target="_blank">Deutschen Gesellschaft f&uuml;r allgemeine und angewandet Entomologie e.V.</a> (DGaaE) zum freien Download erh&auml;ltlich.</p>
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